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Master of Music (M.Mus.); Performance: Early Music (Thesis) (45 credits)

Offered by: Music     Degree: Master of Music

Program Requirements

Voice, Baroque Flute, Recorder, Baroque Oboe, Baroque Bassoon, Baroque Violin, Baroque Viola, Baroque Cello, Early Music Clarinet, Viola da Gamba, Organ, Harpsichord, Lute, Early Brass, Fortepiano

Applicants to the Performance program are expected to have a background in Music Theory equivalent to the B.Mus. in Performance. Applicants found to be deficient in their background preparation may be required to take certain additional music theory undergraduate courses.

The following program prerequisites may be assigned as additional required courses on the basis of transcript review:

MUPD 560 - Intro to Research Methods in Music

3 credits from the following:
MUHL 377 - Baroque Opera (3 credits)
MUHL 380 - Medieval Music (3 credits)
MUHL 381 - Renaissance Music (3 credits)
MUHL 382 - Baroque Music (3 credits)
MUHL 383 - Classical Music (3 credits)
MUHL 395 - Keyboard Literature before 1750 (3 credits)
MUPP 381 - Topics in Performance Practice (3 credits)
MUTH 426 - Topics in Early Music Analysis (3 credits)

Fortepiano students; MUHL 366 - The Era of the Fortepiano (3 credits)

Harpsichord students; 6 credits:
MUPG 272D1/D2 - Continuo (4 credits) and
MUPG 372 D1/D2 - Continuo (2 credits)

Organ/Lute students; MUPG 272D1/D2 - Continuo (4 credits)

Voice students; 6 credits of the following:
MUPG 210 - Italian Diction (or equivalent) (2 credits)
MUPG 211 - French Diction (or equivalent) (2 credits)
MUPG 212 - English Diction (or equivalent) (2 credits)
MUPG 213 - German Diction (or equivalent) (2 credits)

Thesis Performance (27 credits)

18 credits:

  • MUIN 620 Performance Tutorial 1 (3 credits)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Practical Instrument : Individual instrumental, vocal, conducting, collaborative piano or operatic tutorial. Technical and interpretive development, preparation of thesis performance projects.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: Mdivani, Marina; Guimond, Claire; Bergeron, Sylvain; Huang, Yai-Yun; Hashimoto, Kyoko; Poletaev, Ilya; Forget, Normand; Christie, Carolyn; Levesque, Stephane; Zirbel, John; Roy, Andre J; Yazdanfar, Ali; Algie, Stephen; Kolomyjec, Joanne; Popescu, Maria; Boudreault-Sevadjian, Therese; Sylvan, Sanford; Beaudry, Pierre; Eriksson, Erik; Hauser, Rudolf-Alexius; Aldrich, Simon; Haimovitz, Matt; Merkelo, Paul A; McMahon, Michael; Kutan, Aline; Fewer, Mark; Lupien, Denise; Crowley, Robert; Swartz, Jennifer; Leclair, Jacqueline; Dolin, Elizabeth; Baskin, Theodore; Box, James; Hutchins, Timothy; Chappell, Eric; Dyachkov, Yegor; Robinson, Brian; Freeman, Peter; Strauss, Axel; Manker, Brian; Plouffe, Helene; Napper, Susan; Weman Eriksson, Lena; Beghin, Tom; Cazes, Alain; Knox, Hank; Richer, Patrice; Johnson, Alexander David; Lemelin, Stéphane; Moye, Felicia; Labelle, Dominique; Purdy, Winston; Devuyst, Russell; Laimon, Sara; Mallette, Marcelle; Heppner, Thomas Bernard; Normand, Jean-Francois; Dann, Steven Arthur; Ducharme, Jérôme; Cope, Todd (Fall) Huang, Yai-Yun; Marandola, Fabrice; Christie, Carolyn; Guimond, Claire (Winter)

  • MUIN 621 Performance Tutorial 2 (3 credits)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Practical Instrument : Additional individual instrumental, vocal, conducting, collaborative piano or operatic tutorial according to area of performing specialization.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: Hashimoto, Kyoko; Chappell, Eric; Roy, Andre J; Strauss, Axel; Kutan, Aline; Kolomyjec, Joanne (Fall) Mdivani, Marina; Guimond, Claire; Bergeron, Sylvain; Huang, Yai-Yun; Hashimoto, Kyoko; Poletaev, Ilya; Forget, Normand; Christie, Carolyn; Levesque, Stephane; Zirbel, John; Roy, Andre J; Yazdanfar, Ali; Algie, Stephen; Kolomyjec, Joanne; Popescu, Maria; Boudreault-Sevadjian, Therese; Sylvan, Sanford; Beaudry, Pierre; Eriksson, Erik; Hauser, Rudolf-Alexius; Aldrich, Simon; Haimovitz, Matt; Merkelo, Paul A; McMahon, Michael; Kutan, Aline; Fewer, Mark; Lupien, Denise; Crowley, Robert; Swartz, Jennifer; Leclair, Jacqueline; Dolin, Elizabeth; Baskin, Theodore; Box, James; Hutchins, Timothy; Chappell, Eric; Dyachkov, Yegor; Robinson, Brian; Freeman, Peter; Strauss, Axel; Manker, Brian; Plouffe, Helene; Napper, Susan; Weman Eriksson, Lena; Knox, Hank; Richer, Patrice; Johnson, Alexander David; Lemelin, Stéphane; Moye, Felicia; Labelle, Dominique; Purdy, Winston; Devuyst, Russell; Mallette, Marcelle; Beghin, Tom; Heppner, Thomas Bernard; Normand, Jean-Francois; Dann, Steven Arthur; Ducharme, Jérôme; Cope, Todd; Laimon, Sara (Winter)

  • MUIN 622 Performance Tutorial 3 (3 credits)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Practical Instrument : Individual tutorial according to area of performing specialization. Interpretative preparation of thesis performance projects and development of individual artistic vision.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: Box, James; Zirbel, John; Guimond, Claire; Bergeron, Sylvain; Plouffe, Helene; Eriksson, Erik; Hashimoto, Kyoko; Mdivani, Marina; Poletaev, Ilya; Popescu, Maria; Sylvan, Sanford; Kolomyjec, Joanne; Algie, Stephen; Levesque, Stephane; Aldrich, Simon; Christie, Carolyn; Fewer, Mark; Lupien, Denise; Roy, Andre J; Haimovitz, Matt; Yazdanfar, Ali; Merkelo, Paul A; Huang, Yai-Yun; Kestenberg, Abe; Hutchins, Timothy; Leclair, Jacqueline; Crowley, Robert; Boudreault-Sevadjian, Therese; Robinson, Brian; Baskin, Theodore; Bolduc, Remi; Kutan, Aline; Dyachkov, Yegor; Swartz, Jennifer; Knox, Hank; Napper, Susan; Beghin, Tom; Manker, Brian; Strauss, Axel; Freeman, Peter; Labelle, Dominique; Hauser, Rudolf-Alexius; Cazes, Alain; Dolin, Elizabeth; Johnson, Alexander David; Richer, Patrice; Lemelin, Stéphane; McMahon, Michael; Purdy, Winston; Heppner, Thomas Bernard; Normand, Jean-Francois (Fall) Hashimoto, Kyoko; Poletaev, Ilya; Hauser, Rudolf-Alexius; Boudreault-Sevadjian, Therese; Forget, Normand; Roy, Andre J; Sylvan, Sanford; Huang, Yai-Yun; Marandola, Fabrice; Mdivani, Marina; Merkelo, Paul A; Bolduc, Remi; Chappell, Eric; Strauss, Axel; Kutan, Aline; Kolomyjec, Joanne; Knox, Hank; Christie, Carolyn; Beghin, Tom; Labelle, Dominique (Winter)

  • MUPG 600 Recital Project 1 (9 credits) *

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Performance : Solo recital, collaborative piano recital, conducting recital or principal Opera Role (by audition) with program notes.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016, Summer 2016

    Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2015-2016 academic year.

    • Solo recital (60-70 minutes), collaborative piano recital (60-70 minutes), conducting recital (30-40 minutes) or Principal Opera Role as defined by the American Guild of Musical Artists' website (), Lead, Schedule C

* Solo Recital only

9 credits from:

  • MUPG 601 Recital Project 2 (9 credits)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Performance : Solo recital, collaborative piano recital, conducting recital or principal opera role (by audition) with program notes. May include chamber music providing none of the repertoire was prepared in a chamber ensemble taken for credit.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2015-2016 academic year.

    • Solo recital (60-70 minutes), collaborative piano recital (60-70 minutes), conducting recital (30-40 minutes) or principal opera role (by audition) as defined by the American Guild of Musical Artists' website (), Lead, Schedule C

  • MUPG 602 Recital Project 3 (6 credits)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Performance : Recital, conducting recital or featured opera role (by audition) with program notes.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2015-2016 academic year.

    • Recital (30-40 minutes), conducting recital (20-30 minutes) or featured opera role (by audition) as defined by the American Guild of Musical Artists' website (), Featured, Schedule C

  • MUPG 603 Recital Project 4 (3 credits)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Performance : Concerto performance with orchestra (for the concerto competition or other competition in Montreal) or supporting opera role (by audition) with program notes.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2015-2016 academic year.

    • Supporting Opera Role as defined by the American Musical Artists' website (), Supporting, Schedule C

  • MUPG 604 Chamber Music Recital (6 credits)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Performance : Chamber Music Recital with program notes. Repertoire may not include works performed in MUEN courses. Various instrumentations permitted as long as student performs in all works.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016, Summer 2016

    Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2015-2016 academic year.

    • Chamber Music Recital (60-70 minutes). If single ensemble, recital may be taken for credit by all participating students, by approval of department.

  • MUPG 605 Recording Project (3 credits)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Performance : Recording project with liner notes.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2015-2016 academic year.

    • Limited enrolment; admissions by proposal only and with approval of the Department; additional fees apply.

  • MUPG 606 Interdisciplinary Project 1 (3 credits) **

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Performance : Research-creation involving collaboration between different disciplines resulting in a new work, interpretation or contribution to knowledge presented in public (i.e., performer-composer commission; performer and actor/dancer collaboration, subject in CIRMMT research study, etc) with program notes as relevant.

    Terms: Winter 2016

    Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2015-2016 academic year.

    • Performer-composer composition of 5-10 minutes. By proposal only and with approval of the Department.

  • MUPG 607 Interdisciplinary Project 2 (6 credits) **

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Performance : Research-creation involving collaboration between different disciplines resulting in a new work, interpretation or contribution to knowledge presented in public (i.e., performer-composer commission); performance and actor/dancer collaboration, participant as co-researcher in CIRMMT study including participation in analysis of data, etc.) with program notes as relevant.

    Terms: Winter 2016

    Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2015-2016 academic year.

    • Performer-composer commission of 10-20 minutes. By proposal only and approval of the Department.

  • MUPG 614 Quick Study (3 credits) *

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Performance : Preparation and performance of short program of vocal, operatic, or collaborative piano repertoire in a limited three week time frame.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2015-2016 academic year.

    • 20-25 minutes of repertoire

* Voice Only
** Students may take either MUPG 606 or MUGP 607

Required Course

  • MUGS 605 Graduate Performance Colloquium

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Graduate Faculty Music Courses : Participation in three professional development workshops or research colloquium approved by the department on topics such as performance pedagogy, academic teaching, music production, copyright, business, grantsmanship, etc. Students participate in each semester of residency until requirements have been met.

    Terms: Fall 2015

    Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2015-2016 academic year.

Complementary Seminars (9 credits)

3 credits from the following:

One approved graduate 3-credit seminar with the prefix MUCO, MUGS, MUGT, MUHL, MUMT, MUPP, or MUTH.

3 credits from the following:

  • MUHL 591D1 Paleography (1.5 credits)

    Offered by: Music Research (Schulich School of Music)

    Overview

    Music History and Literature : The theory and practice of musical transcription for the period 1100 to 1600. Black modal notation, Franconian notation, French and Italian Ars Nova notation, Mannerism, white mensural notation, proportions, and lute and keyboard tablatures will be studied.

    Terms: Fall 2015

    Instructors: Cumming, Julie Emelyn (Fall)

  • MUHL 591D2 Paleography (1.5 credits)

    Offered by: Music Research (Schulich School of Music)

    Overview

    Music History and Literature : See MUHL 591D1 for course description.

    Terms: Winter 2016

    Instructors: Cumming, Julie Emelyn (Winter)

    • Prerequisite: MUHL 591D1

    • No credit will be given for this course unless both MUHL 591D1 and MUHL 591D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms

  • MUPG 575D1 Liturgical Organ Playing (1.5 credits) **

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Overview

    Performance : This seminar focuses on the development of skill in the leadership and accompaniment of hymns, the accompaniment of sung psalmody (particularly Anglican and Gregorian), and the conducting of choral music while accompanying at the organ. Additionally, regular instruction in techniques of improvisation will focus in particular upon hymn introductions and free accompaniments.

    Terms: Fall 2015

    Instructors: Oldengarm, Jonathan (Fall)

    • 1. 1 1/2 hours

    • 2. Students must register for both MUPG 575D1 and MUPG 575D2.

    • 3. No credit will be given for this course unless both MUPG 575D1 and MUPG 575D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms.

  • MUPG 575D2 Liturgical Organ Playing (1.5 credits) **

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Overview

    Performance : This seminar focuses on the development of skill in the leadership and accompaniment of hymns, the accompaniment of sung psalmody (particularly Anglican and Gregorian), and the conducting of choral music while accompanying at the organ. Additionally, regular instruction in techniques of improvisation will focus in particular upon hymn introductions and free accompaniments.

    Terms: Winter 2016

    Instructors: Oldengarm, Jonathan (Winter)

  • MUPG 590 Vocal Styles and Conventions (3 credits) *

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Overview

    Performance : Emphasis on vocal performance practices through practical application: text, language, inflection, pronunciation and interpretation considered with individuality of each student's voice and technical development. After examining historical treatises, students will discuss and present musical selections utilizing modern performance standards yet remaining true to stylistic demands of each period.

    Terms: Fall 2015

    Instructors: Hansen, Patrick (Fall)

    • 3 hours

    • Restriction: Not open to students who have taken MUPG 690.

  • MUPG 691 Vocal Ornamentation (3 credits)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Performance : Introduction to the major treatises with emphasis on their practical application to modern performance. Through the study and discussion of both primary and secondary sources, students will observe and compare national styles. Special topics include the conventions of recitative; text-driven embellishment; ornamentation in Handel's dramatic works.

    Terms: Winter 2016

    Instructors: Kinslow, Valerie (Winter)

    • 3 hours

    • Restriction: Open to singers, keyboardists, and conductors or with permission of the instructor

  • MUTH 602 Keyboard Modal Counterpoint (3 credits)

    Offered by: Music Research (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Music Theory and Analysis : Advanced study of polyphonic techniques of the renaissance period through written exercises, in-depth written case study, and improvised practice at the keyboard.

    Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2015-2016 academic year.

    Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2015-2016 academic year.

    • Prerequisite: MUTH 202 or equivalent

    • Restrictions: Open to graduate keyboardists in early music and organ or permission of the instructor. This course may count only as the additional seminar and not as the approved graduate seminar with the prefix MUCO, MUGS, MUGT, MUHL, MUMT, MUPP, MUTH.

or one graduate 3-credit seminar approved by the Department.

* If not already taken
** May be repeated once

Complementary Performance (9 credits)

Instruments:
3 terms of:

  • MUEN 580 Early Music Ensemble (1 credit)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Overview

    Ensemble : An ensemble of 4-6 vocalists and instrumentalists which performs music of the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: Weman Eriksson, Lena; Jennejohn, Matthew Dixon; Smith, Tracy; MacMillan, Elizabeth H; Kinslow, Valerie; Michaud, Natalie (Fall) Kinslow, Valerie; Michaud, Natalie; Weman Eriksson, Lena; Jennejohn, Matthew Dixon; MacMillan, Elizabeth H; Smith, Tracy (Winter)

    • Prerequisite: Audition. Prerequisite or corequisite for keyboard players: MUPG 272.

6 credits from (may be taken more than once):

  • MUEN 572 Cappella Antica (2 credits)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Overview

    Ensemble : An ensemble of 8 to 12 voices specializing in early music. N.B. This ensemble may substitute as a Basic Ensemble in programs that specify Choral Ensemble, with Departmental approval.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: Kinslow, Valerie (Fall) Kinslow, Valerie (Winter)

    • 4 hours

    • Prerequisite: Audition.

  • MUEN 573 Baroque Orchestra (2 credits)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Overview

    Ensemble : Open to singers and instrumentalists, this ensemble specializes in chamber music primarily of the Baroque era.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: Knox, Hank (Fall) Knox, Hank (Winter)

    • 4 hours

    • Prerequisites: Audition AND MUEN 480 AND a prerequisite or corequisite of MUPP 381. Additional prerequisite for keyboard players: MUPG 372 with a grade of A-.

OR

Voice:
2 credits of:

  • MUEN 580 Early Music Ensemble (1 credit)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Overview

    Ensemble : An ensemble of 4-6 vocalists and instrumentalists which performs music of the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: Weman Eriksson, Lena; Jennejohn, Matthew Dixon; Smith, Tracy; MacMillan, Elizabeth H; Kinslow, Valerie; Michaud, Natalie (Fall) Kinslow, Valerie; Michaud, Natalie; Weman Eriksson, Lena; Jennejohn, Matthew Dixon; MacMillan, Elizabeth H; Smith, Tracy (Winter)

    • Prerequisite: Audition. Prerequisite or corequisite for keyboard players: MUPG 272.

3 credits:

  • MUIN 610 Vocal Coaching 1 (1 credit)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Practical Instrument : Individual coaching sessions on advanced vocal repertoire with emphasis on musical and linguistic nuance.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: McMahon, Michael; Hansen, Patrick; Gonthier, Esther; Kinslow, Valerie; Godin, Olivier; Hargreaves, Stephen (Fall) McMahon, Michael; Godin, Olivier; Gonthier, Esther; Hargreaves, Stephen; Kinslow, Valerie (Winter)

    • Restriction: Not open to students who have taken MUIN 600

  • MUIN 611 Vocal Coaching 2 (1 credit)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Practical Instrument : Continuation of Vocal Coaching I with emphasis on musical and linguistic nuance.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: McMahon, Michael; Gonthier, Esther; Godin, Olivier; Hargreaves, Stephen; Kinslow, Valerie (Fall) McMahon, Michael; Gonthier, Esther; Kinslow, Valerie; Godin, Olivier; Hargreaves, Stephen (Winter)

    • Restriction: Not open to students who have taken MUIN 601

  • MUIN 612 Vocal Coaching 3 (1 credit)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Practical Instrument : Coaching sessions on advanced vocal repertoire with emphasis on musical nuance and the expression of an individual artistic voice.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: McMahon, Michael; Kutan, Aline; Hansen, Patrick; Gonthier, Esther; Godin, Olivier; Hargreaves, Stephen (Fall) Gonthier, Esther; Kutan, Aline; McMahon, Michael; Kinslow, Valerie; Hargreaves, Stephen (Winter)

    • Restriction: Not open to students who have taken MUIN 602

4 credits from (may be taken more than once):

  • MUEN 572 Cappella Antica (2 credits)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Overview

    Ensemble : An ensemble of 8 to 12 voices specializing in early music. N.B. This ensemble may substitute as a Basic Ensemble in programs that specify Choral Ensemble, with Departmental approval.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: Kinslow, Valerie (Fall) Kinslow, Valerie (Winter)

    • 4 hours

    • Prerequisite: Audition.

  • MUEN 579 Song Interpretation 2 (1 credit)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Overview

    Ensemble : Study of song repertoire for singers and pianists.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: McMahon, Michael (Fall) McMahon, Michael (Winter)

  • MUEN 580 Early Music Ensemble (1 credit)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Overview

    Ensemble : An ensemble of 4-6 vocalists and instrumentalists which performs music of the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods.

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: Weman Eriksson, Lena; Jennejohn, Matthew Dixon; Smith, Tracy; MacMillan, Elizabeth H; Kinslow, Valerie; Michaud, Natalie (Fall) Kinslow, Valerie; Michaud, Natalie; Weman Eriksson, Lena; Jennejohn, Matthew Dixon; MacMillan, Elizabeth H; Smith, Tracy (Winter)

    • Prerequisite: Audition. Prerequisite or corequisite for keyboard players: MUPG 272.

  • MUEN 696 Opera Theatre (2 credits)

    Offered by: Performance (Schulich School of Music)

    Administered by: Graduate Studies

    Overview

    Ensemble : Individual coaching in acting, movement and role preparation; possibility for roles in Opera Â鶹AV productions (by audition).

    Terms: Fall 2015, Winter 2016

    Instructors: Hansen, Patrick (Fall) Hansen, Patrick (Winter)

    • 3 - 6 hours

    • Prerequisite: open to all Graduate Performance and Artist Diploma students who have completed MUEN 496 or its equivalent.

Schulich School of Music—2015-2016 (last updated Aug. 20, 2015) (disclaimer)
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